2^nd Intercontinental Conference on Microbiology and Infectious Diseases November 17-18, 2021 Tokyo, Japan

Environmental Microbiology is the study of microbial processes in the environment, microbial communities and microbial interactions. This includes Microbial interactions and interactions with microorganisms. Population biology of microorganisms. Microbes and surfaces (adhesion and biofilm formation).

Environmental Microbiologists study how microorganisms interact with the environment and each other. They may study the use of microbes to clean up areas contaminated by heavy metals or study how microbes could aid crop growth. Through the patterns of microbes, the nature of different possible environments in which they are situated, the methodologies used to monitor microorganisms and their activities, their effects on human and negative as well as positive aspects could be easily understood by this.

Medical Microbiology deals with the study of microbes that are pathogenic and play a role in human illness. For that it includes the study of pathogenesis, epidemiology, disease pathology and immunology of the one suffering from illness. Also, it enlists the applications of microbes in medicine. Medical microbiology begins with the immune surveillance that focuses on the body’s response to invading microorganisms.

Industrial Microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using microbial cell factories. There are multiple ways to manipulate a microorganism in order to increase maximum product yields. Introduction of mutations into an organism may be accomplished by introducing them to mutagens. Another way to increase production is by gene amplification, this is done by the use of plasmids, and vectors. The plasmids and/ or vectors are used to incorporate multiple copies of a specific gene that would allow more enzymes to be produced that eventually cause more product yield. The manipulation of organisms in order to yield a specific product has many applications to the real world like the production of some antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, solvents, alcohol and daily products.

Microbial evolution refers to the genetically driven changes that occur in microorganisms and that are retained over time. Some microbial changes can be in response to a selective pressure. In contrast to Darwinian evolution, which takes place over millions of years, microbial evolution can occur within hours.

Industrial microbiology applies microbial science to create high value industrial products that are valuable to humans. Microbes used industrial processes have the ability to produce chemical compounds that couldn’t be synthesized in laboratory or it takes great difficulty to be synthesized. Also, some chemical products can be synthesized more efficiently and cheaply by the action of microbial species. Use of microbes also tends to increase the product yield.

Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with related scientific fields. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences, such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests. The term biotechnology was first used by Karl Ereky in 1919, meaning the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms

Application of scientific and engineering tools and principles to the processing of material by microbial species to create useful products and processes.  Microbial species that are being used may be native isolates, genetically modified microbes or laboratory selected mutants. Microbial biotechnology enabled with genomics lead to breakthroughs such as improves vaccines and better disease-diagnostic tools and improves microbial agents.

Food Microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhibit, create, or contaminate food. This includes the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage; pathogens that may cause disease (especially if food is improperly cooked or stored) microbes used to produce fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine; and microbes with other useful roles, such as producing probiotics.

This deals with the study of Microorganisms that inhibit, create or contaminate food and dairy products. The main goal of food and dairy microbiology is to use microorganisms to enhance or produce new food products and to study the disease or infection causing microorganisms and their prevention.

Agricultural Microbiology is a branch of microbiology dealing with plant-associated microbes and plant and animal diseases. It also deals with the microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial degradation of organic matter and soil nutrient transformations. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is considered a father of microbiology as he observed and experimented with microscopic organisms in the 1670s, using simple microscopes of his own design.

This field of microbiology explores the various aspects of the plant microbes such as genetics, physiology, molecular biology, virulence and pathogenicity. It deals with the study of infectious agents of microbes, resistance and improvements of the agricultural crops with the economic importance and beneficial aspects of normal agricultural flora.

Forensic Microbiology focuses on the medico legal and criminal investigations by trace evidence analysis. The study is used as weapon against bioterrorism and stand-up to the heavy scientific scrutinity. Rapid identification and subtyping of infectious agents can be done.

Cellular Microbiology deals with the microbes that are pathogenic and attempting them to use as tools for cell-biology research, and to use cell-biology methods the pathogenicity of microbes should be known. It is the combination of cell biology and molecular biology. It deals with cell cycle, metabolism, signal transduction, anatomy and physiology. It also studies the microbes that are transfiguring towards antibiotic agent.

The use of naturally occurring microbes, effective microbes, GMOs, or deliberately introduced microbes to consume, breakdown and remove environmental pollutants, contaminants and toxins to clean a polluted site is the essence of bioremediation. It’s an eco-friendly approach of acquiring a pollution free environment. Major environmental issues such as oil spills or contaminated groundwater. It could be done in either of the way “insitu” or “exsitu”. This process leads to the stimulation of microbial growth that leads to the utilization of pollutants.

To maintain the identity of living system, living organisms continuously experiences high levels of metabolic activities inside. Such metabolic activities includes huge number of chemical reactions that happens vigorously which changes the chemical species from one to a different thereby leading to energetic transactions that leads to biochemical functionalities. Microbial physiology has its applications in both fundamental research and in industries. Metabolic engineering in microbial physiology and biomolecules can lead to substantial research and functional genomics.

Microbial gene technology deals with the applications of genetic engineering into microbiology. Different techniques are used for Genetic engineering of microbes which studies the genotype of microbial species and its gene expression and gene manipulation or modification is done that leads to recombinant model of microbes. Manipulation and modification is done as to produce desired traits in microbes which could turn up to human and environment welfare.

Cellular and Molecular immunology deals with cellular activities in experimental or clinical situations. It is the interactions among cells and molecules of the system that contributes to the popularity and elimination of pathogens. The response to pathogens consists by the complex interactions and activities of the massive number of diverse cell types involved within the immune reaction. 

Bio materials are those substances or components which are designed to associate with the natural frameworks for clinical applications. Microorganisms can be used in the production of such materials and hence such materials are known as biomaterials.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains a biological preparation from disease-causing microorganism, or since the beginning of the 21st century, made synthetically that resembles it. This preparation is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.

The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat and starts producing antibodies against it, so as to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as cancer.

Public Health Microbiology is a specialty which spans the fields of human, animal, food, water and environmental microbiology, with a focus on human health and disease. It requires laboratory scientists, epidemiologists, and clinicians to generate, integrate, analyses and communicate epidemic intelligence.

Clinical Microbiologists perform a wide range of clinical laboratory tests on specimens collected from plants, humans, and animals to aid in detection of disease. Clinical and medical microbiologists whose work involves directly researching human health may be classified as medical scientists. The definition of clinical microbiology as a branch of science dealing with the interrelation of macro- and microorganisms under normal and pathological conditions and in the dynamics of a pathological process with an account of the treatment till the clinical and/or complete recovery is presented.

Veterinary Microbiology is concerned with bacterial and viral diseases of domesticated vertebrate animals (livestock, companion animals, fur-bearing animals, game, poultry, but excluding fish) that supply food, other useful products or companionship. Veterinary microbiologists are veterinarians that specialize in the study of microorganisms that cause infectious disease in animal species. These disease-causing agents may include bacteria, viruses, toxins, and parasites. They may also focus their research on one specific animal species or group of interest.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology is an applied branch of Microbiology. It involves the study of microorganisms associated with the manufacture of pharmaceuticals e.g. minimizing the number of microorganisms in a process environment, excluding microorganisms and microbial byproducts like exotoxin and endotoxin from water and other starting materials, and ensuring the finished pharmaceutical product is sterile. Other aspects of pharmaceutical microbiology include the research and development of anti-infective agents, the use of microorganisms to detect mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in prospective drugs, and the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products like insulin and human growth hormone

An Antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi. They can also be classified according to their function. Agents that kill microbes are microbicides, while those that merely inhibit their growth are called bacteriostatic agents. The use of antimicrobial medicines to treat infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy, while the use of antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is known as antimicrobial prophylaxis

Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes. The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences. Microbiology can be also classified based on taxonomy, in the cases of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and phycology.

There is considerable overlap between the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other disciplines, and certain aspects of these branches can extend beyond the traditional scope of microbiology. In general the field of microbiology can be divided in the more fundamental branch (pure microbiology) and the applied microbiology (biotechnology). In the more fundamental field the organisms are studied as the subject itself on a deeper (theoretical) level. Applied microbiology refers to the fields where the micro-organisms are applied in certain processes such as brewing or fermentation. The organisms itself are often not studied as such, but applied to sustain certain processes.

Molecular biology is the branch of biology that concerns the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including molecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms and interactions. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the process in which DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then translated into protein. Molecular biology is the study of the molecular underpinnings of the processes of replication, transcription, translation, and cell function.